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Test di Turing
The Turing Test, proposed by Alan Turing in 1950, is the most famous thought experiment on machine intelligence: if a human judge, conversing in writing with a hidden interlocutor, cannot tell whether it is a person or a machine, then the machine can be said to be "intelligent", or at least capable of intelligent behavior indistinguishable from a human's.
For decades it remained a theoretical horizon. Modern LLMs have effectively passed it in short conversations: recent studies show users struggle to tell GPT-4 apart from a human in chat. This shifted the debate: the test measures imitation, not understanding, a system can converse perfectly without "understanding" anything in the human sense.
It remains a powerful cultural touchstone and a practical warning: if human and machine can no longer be told apart in conversation, we need transparency (the AI Act requires disclosing when you're interacting with an AI) and new questions, no longer "can it think?", but "what do we let it decide?".
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